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Johann Friedrich Mayer (agriculturist)
Johann Friedrich Georg Hartmann Mayer (September 21, 1719 – March 17, 1798〔Johann Georg Meusel (1808) "(Mayer (Johann Friedrich) )" in: ''Lexikon der vom Jahr 1750 bis 1800 verstorbenen teutschen Schriftsteller'', Vol. 8. p. 568.〕) was a German Reformed pastor and agricultural reformer,〔Rudolf Vierhaus (2006) ''Kraatz - Menge.'' K. G. Saur Verlag GmbH & Company, p. 824〕 who is considered one of the most important writers on agriculture of his time. He came to prominence through his efforts to promote agricultural reforms, especially with his 1769 publication with new regimes of crop rotation,〔Günter Rudolf Golde (1975) ''Catholics and Protestants: agricultural modernization in two German villages.'' p. 15〕 and his 1773 textbook on rural householders and husbandry.〔Thomas Robisheaux (2002) ''Rural Society and the Search for Order in Early Modern Germany.'' p. 254.〕
== Biography ==
Mayer was born in Bad Mergentheim as son of an innkeeper and Schultheiß, the head of a municipality. His parents prepared him to become a minister at early age. He attended the Latin School in Weikersheim and the high school in Öhringen. From 1737 to 1740 he took his theological studies at the University of Jena,〔 where he was influenced by the philosopher Christian Wolff and the Swiss anatomist, physiologist and naturalist Albrecht von Haller.〔
From 1741 to 1745 Mayer was Protestant pastor in Riedbach, which ended up in a legal dispute about defamation.〔"(Urteil in Sachen des Pfarrers Mayer zu Riedbach contra einige der Gemeid zu Syndringen. Urtheil wider den suspendirten Pfarrer Hieronymus Yelin zu Syndringen )." at deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de.〕〔''(Urtheil In Sachen Des Pfarrer Mayers zu Riedbach contra Einige der Gemeind zu Syndringen: Puncto der in vorstehender Specie Facti contra den Pfarrer Mayer berührten Diffamation, in specie aber den Calumnianten Edelmann betreffend: Geben Bartenstein den 20. Martii 1745 )'' online at books.google.com〕 In 1745 he moved to Kupferzell, near Crailsheim, where he was pastor until his death in 1798. There in the garden of his clergy house, Mayer conducted agricultural experiments and observed farm work on nearby farms. In 1768 he published his findings for the first time in his book, entitled ''Lehre vom Gyps als vorzueglich guten Dung zu allen Erd-Gewaechsen auf Aeckern und Wiesen, Hopfen- und Weinbergen'' (Doctrine of Gypsum exquisitely as good manure to all natural plants to the fields and meadows, hops and vineyards). In this work he promoted the use of crushed gypsum as fertilization of fields, which he had found in the nearby Waldenburg Hills. He further explained these operations in the 1774 publication ''M. Terentius Varro, von der Landwirtschaft.'' The agronomists of his time where so impressed by his work, that they granted him the title "Gipsapostel von Kupferzell" (Apostle of gypsum from Kupferzell).〔
In other writings, Mayer started describing the farmer relationships in natural farming and animal husbandry. In 1767 he started publishing the journal ''Beyträge und Abhandlungen zur Aufnahme der Land- und Hauswirthschaft,'' which he would publish until 1786.〔 In addition to spreading his knowledge through books and magazines, Mayer traveled around and advised princes and peasants. He was invited to move to Vienna, both by Emperor Maria Theresia and Archbishop Christoph Anton Migazzi, but he declined.〔 He advised the Hohenlohe peasants among other things about the cultivation of the still unknown potato. At first he only recommended the potato to feed livestock, and later mainly for human consumption.〔
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